ICGFM Promotes Knowledge Transfer Among Public Financial Management Experts

Working globally with governments, organizations, and individuals, the International Consortium on Governmental Financial Management is dedicated to improving financial management by providing opportunities for professional development and information exchange.

Wednesday, December 2, 2009

Management for Results in Public Financial Management


Government Performance Management must move beyond the Budget
Jean-Baptiste Sawadogo, the President of Leader One, provided an overview of Managing for Results (MfR) in Public Financial Management (PFM). MfR is about strategy.

Jean-Baptiste Sawadogo of Leader One described the importance of Management for Results (MfR) on Government Performance Management. He pointed out that finance is not everything when improving results in government. He provided a history of management for results in government. He described performance innovation and adoption of results-focused PFM and the use of performance audits

Performance audits and the use of civil society in improving results were introduced by J-B Sawadogo. Performance budgeting is not necessarily results-based because they can focus on allocating money rather than performance. He suggested that budget is a tool in private sector flexibility but is rigid in the public sector.

Jean-Baptiste Sawadogo is seeing the the harmonization of language and concepts. Public finance experts realize that indicators are for measurements and that activities are not results.

MfR is still focused on a Public Expenditures Management mentality. Mr. Sawadogo described how the budget process has supremacy n most countries. Countries are trying whole-of-government approaches but there remains a strong agency/sector/functional orientation rather than a true ‘Results for Citizens’ focus.

Mr. Sawadogo suggests that MfR in developing countries focuses on public expenditure management and anti-corruption. The main emphasis in developed countries is a by-product of austerity and crisis management He described the dilemma of stimulus packages – trying to get quick results yet fear of risks.

The model of performance management in China is very interesting. China is creating rigorous MfR programs according to Mr. Sawadogo.

Problems that need to be overcome include:


  • Expenditure mentality

  • Supremacy of the budget

  • Risk adverse culture


  • Complexity in government/self preserving structures

  • Divided governance: Political; Legislative; Public Service; Judiciary; Decentralized regimes…

  • Short-to-medium term electoral cycle vision

  • Increased discourse but still confusion and insufficient practice

  • Difficulty in moving beyond activities and outputs

Mr. Sawadogo showed how MfR can be used in PFM:


  • Strong MfR leadership at the top

  • Long term orderly MfR implementation (culture change takes time)

  • Long-term results-focused country vision

  • Comprehensive country results framework

  • Results-focused country strategic documents

  • Results-friendly risk-mitigation practices

Mr. Sawadogo suggests that ‘Managing for Results’ in government is here to stay - citizens will keep pushing for results. Public financial managers can please auditors - but have a duty to please citizens.






From Communications to Community

Doug Hadden, VP Communications at ICGFM, provided an update at the Annual Meeting. ICGFM has increased the use of Web 2.0 technology to share good practices in Public Financial Management. The results have been encouraging - increases in viewing valuable ICGFM content but a lack of participation in the PFM community.

Vocabulary of Government Performance Management


Many countries aspire to performance based budgeting – implementation is a journey rather than a destination.

James Brumby of the World Bank discussed the significant cultural and institutional change needed for Performance Based Budgeting. Much in Public Financial Management (PFM) has focused on limiting discretion – but discretion is needed to improve performance.

Performance is determined by where you sit, according to Mr. Brumby. Government performance is complex because of the variety of interests.

Mr. Brumby glossary began by defining inputs, outputs, outcomes and indicators. Outputs are controllable by government organizations and easy to measure. Outcomes are harder to control and measure, according to Mr. Brumby. He pointed out these connect together in a performance chain showing where efficiency and effectiveness measurements are used. He described the difference between intermediate outcomes and final outcomes. A list of indicator types like timeliness and location were presented. He recommends that output measurements should be externally focused, controllable, comprehensive measurable and informative.

3 levels of performance based budgeting include:


  • Weakest: Performance as an instrument of transparency

  • Moderate: Performance informed budgeting

  • Strongest: Direct performance budgeting with an unambiguous contractual mechanism. This is only the case in two OECD countries.
It is possible to see all three in any system. The moderate form is the dominant method used around the world. Performance is one of the elements used for developing budgets.

Mr. Brumby described methods of contractual, program, formula-based, purchaser-provider, and the agency model used in performance frameworks in government.

Mr. Brumby described how many countries aspire to performance budgeting – implementation is a journey rather than a destination. He contrasted this with accrual accounting that is a destination. Ideas and objectives change, so there is not destination for performance budgeting.